What adverse effects does smoking have on oral health?

Smoking has significant adverse effects on oral health, particularly in relation to gum disease. Smokers are at a higher risk for developing periodontal disease due to several factors related to the harmful substances in tobacco. Smoking can impair blood flow to the gums, reducing the body's ability to heal and fight infections, which contributes to the progression of gum disease.

Additionally, the chemicals in tobacco can alter the oral microbiome, leading to an increase in harmful bacteria that can damage gum tissue and lead to inflammation. Smokers also experience a higher incidence of plaque and tartar buildup, even though they may perceive less visible plaque due to the staining effects of nicotine and tar. This increased plaque accumulation can lead to gingivitis, the early stage of gum disease, which, if untreated, can progress to more severe periodontal disease characterized by loss of tooth-supporting structures.

Together, these factors underscore why smoking is linked strongly to the prevalence of gum disease, making it a critical area of focus in promoting oral health and encouraging cessation among those who smoke.